PUBLICATIONS

(2018) “Making America Great Again Against the Backdrop of an ‘Africa Rising’? The Trump Administration and Africa’s Marginalization within U.S. Foreign Policy.” Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations. 20, 1 (Fall/Winter): 98-117.

(2018) “Social Signals and Participation in the Tunisian Revolution.” Journal of Politics 80, 2 (April): 675-91 (with David Doherty).

(2012) “Tunisia’s Jasmine Revolution and the Arab Spring: Implications for International Intervention.” Orbis : A Journal of World Affairs (Fall 2012) : 662-74.

(2012) “Tunisia’s Jasmine Revolution, International Intervention, and Popular Sovereignty.” The Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations 13, 1 (Winter/Spring): 75-88.

(2011) “Traditional Conflict Medicine? Lessons for Putting Mali and Other African Countries on the Road to Peace.” Nordic Journal of African Studies 20, 2: 177-202.

(2011) “The Upheavals in Egypt and Tunisia: Ben Ali’s Fall.” Journal of Democracy 22, 3 (July): 5-19 (coauthored with Hamadi Redissi).

(2010) “Tunisian Perceptions of U.S. Foreign Policy: Conclusions of an Annual Survey of Tunisian Elites.” National Strategy Forum Review 19, 2: 1-4.

(2009) “Obama and Africa.” Global Dialogue: An International Review (Institute for Global Dialogue) 14, 1 (July): 7-11.

(2006) “The Evolving U.S.-Nigerian Relationship and the War on Terrorism in Africa.” National Strategy Forum Review 15, 3 (Spring): 10-13.

(2005) “La guerre contre le terrorisme et la politique etrangere americaine envers l’Afrique.” Politique Africaine. No. 98 (Juin): 42-62.

(2005) “Russia’s Political Party System as a (Continued) Impediment to Democratization: The 2003 Duma and 2004 Presidential Elections in Perspective.” Demokratizatsiya: The Journal of Post-Soviet Communism 13, 1 (Winter 2005): 141-51 (coauthored with Jonathan Riggs).

(2004) “Russia’s Political Party System as an Impediment to Democratization.” Demokratizatsiya: The Journal of Post-Soviet Democratization 12, 2: 265-93 (coauthored with Jonathan W. Riggs).

(2003) "The State of the Art in International Democracy Promotion: Results of a Joint European-North American Research Network." Democratization 10, 2: 21-44.

(2003) "Sapphire Anniversary Reflections on the Study of U.S. Foreign Policy toward Africa." The Journal of Modern African Studies 41, 1: 139-52.

(2001) "'Forget the Rhetoric and Boost the Geopolitics': Emerging Trends in the Bush Administration's Policy toward Africa, 2001." African Affairs 100: 387-404.

(2001) "South Africa's Foreign Policy: From International Pariah to Leader of the African Renaissance." The Round Table: The Commonwealth Journal of International Affairs 359: 229-43.

(2001) "Continuity and Change in U.S. Foreign Policy toward Southern Africa: Assessing the Clinton Administration." Nordic Journal of African Studies 10, 2: 131-47.

(2001) "'Finie la Rhétorique, Vive la Géopolitique': Premières Tendances de la Politique Africaine de l'Administration Bush (2001)." Politique Africaine no. 82 (June): 133-50.

(2000) "Cold War to Cold Peace: Explaining U.S.-French Competition in Francophone Africa." Political Science Quarterly 115, 3: 395-419.

(1999) "Japan's Quest for Influence in Africa." Current History 98, 628 (May): 232-35.

(1998) "Clarifying the Foreign Aid Puzzle: A Comparison of American, Japanese, French, and Swedish Foreign Aid Flows." World Politics 50 (January): 294-323 (coauthored with Steven W. Hook and Bruce Taylor).

(1998) "Trends and Transformation in Clinton Administration Foreign Policy toward Africa." Issue 26, 2: 1-7.

(1998) "The Media and Africa: The Portrayal of Africa in The New York Times (1955-95)." Issue 26, 2: 29-35 (coauthored with Brian Endless).

(1997) "Senegal's Foreign Policy: Challenges of Democratization and Marginalization." African Affairs 96, 385: 485-508 (with Nefertiti Gaye).

(1997) "France and the Great Game in Africa." Current History 96, 610 (May): 206-11.

(1995) "From Berlin 1884 to 1989: Foreign Assistance and French, American & Japanese Competition in Francophone Africa." The Journal of Modern African Studies 33, 4: 539-67.

(1995) "Understanding the 'Third Wave' of Democratization in Africa." The Journal of Politics 57, 4: 1160-68.

(1994) "Elites as Facilitators or Impediments to Political Development? Lessons from the 'Third Wave' of Democratization in Africa." The Journal of Developing Areas 29, 1: 69-90.

(1994) "State Regulation of Religion and Muslim Religious Vitality." The Journal of Politics 56, 4: 1087-97 (coauthored with Mark Chaves and Mario Sprindys).

(1994) "Reviewing the Study of U.S. Foreign Policy toward Africa: From Intellectual 'Backwater' to Theory Construction." Third World Quarterly 14, 4: 775-86.

(1993) "U.S. Intervention in the Horn of Africa amidst the End of the Cold War." Africa Today 40, 2: 7-28.

(1993) "La Présence Américaine dans la Corne Après la Fin de la Guerre Froide: Ruptures et Permanences." Politique Africaine 50: 59-73.

(1993) "'It's the Third World Stupid!' Why the Third World Should Be the Priority of the Clinton Administration." Third World Quarterly 14, 2: 215-37.

(1993) "Ethnic Politics in Djibouti: From 'Eye of the Hurricane' to 'Boiling Cauldron'." African Affairs 92: 203-21.

(1992) "Bureaucratic Influence in the U.S.-Zairian Special Relationship." TransAfrica Forum 9, 3: 31-56.

(1992) "The Horn of Africa: U.S. Foreign Policy amidst an Altered Cold War Environment." Middle East Journal 46, 4: 571-93.

(1992) "Crystal Anniversary Reflections on the Nascent Field of Djiboutian Studies." A Current Bibliography on African Affairs 23, 3: 227-47.

(1991) "Speaking With Many Voices: Continuity and Change in U.S. Africa Policies." The Journal of Modern African Studies 29, 3: 373-412.

(1990) "The Novels of Nuruddin Farah: The Socio‑Political Evolution of a Somali Writer." Northeast African Studies 10, 2-3: 15-26.

(1987) "Policy Dilemmas in the Horn of Africa: Contradictions in the U.S.‑Somalia Relationship." Northeast African Studies 9, 3: 19-42 (coauthored with Jerel A. Rosati).

(1986) "Involuntary Migration in Somalia: The Politics of Resettlement." The Journal of Modern African Studies 24, 4: 641‑62.

Book Chapters

(Forth 2020) “African Religion.” In Peter J. Schraeder, ed. Understanding Contemporary Africa (6th ed.) (Boulder: Lynne Rienner). pp. 327-66 (with Ambrose Moyo).

(Forth 2020) “African International Relations.” In Peter J. Schraeder, ed. Understanding Contemporary Africa (6th ed.) (Boulder: Lynne Rienner). pp. 147-86.

(2017) “From the Halls of Montezuma to the Shores of Tripoli: Obama Administration Foreign Policy toward Africa within Historical Context.” In Rafaa Ben Achour, ed. Politique étrangère et droit international (Tunis, Tunisia: Faculty of Legal, Political and Social Sciences, University of Carthage & Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung). pp. 149-73.

(2016) “Rendering unto Caesar? State Regulation of Religion and the Role of Catholicism in Democratic Transitions and Consolidation in Predominantly Catholic Countries.” In Michael J. Schuck and John Crowley-Buck, eds. Democracy Culture, Catholicism: Voices from Four Continents (New York: Fordham University Press). pp. 297-309.

(2014) “The Upheavals in Egypt and Tunisia: Ben Ali’s Fall.” In Larry Diamond and marc F. Plattner, eds. Democratization and Authoritarianism in the Arab World (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press). pp. 203-17 (with Hamadi Redissi).

(2013) “African International Relations.” In April A. Gordon and Donald L. Gordon, eds. Understanding Contemporary Africa (5th ed.) (Boulder: Lynne Rienner). pp. 167-206.

(2011) “The Obama Administration’s Engagements in Africa within Historical Context: Great Expectations versus Daunting Challenges.” In Ton Dietz, Kjell Havnevik, Mayke Kaag, and Terje Oestigaard, eds. African Engagements: Africa Negotiating an Emerging Multipolar World. Leiden: Brill Publishers. pp. 300-24.

(2009) “Great Expectations versus Daunting Challenges: Prospects for U.S. Foreign Policy toward Africa during the Obama Administration.” In Richmond M. Lloyd, ed. American Foreign Policy: Regional Perspectives. Newport, RI: Naval War College. pp. 261-272.

(2007) “The African Dimension of U.S. Foreign Policy in the Post-9/11 Era.” In Manuela Franco, ed. Estrategia e Seguranca na Africa Austral. Lisbon, Portugal: Luso-American Foundation and Portuguese Institute of International Relations. pp. 171-96.

(2007) “Eastern Africa as a ‘Second Front’ in the Bush Administration’s War on Terrorism.” In Korwa G. Adar and Peter J. Schraeder, eds. Globalization and Emerging Trends in African Foreign Policy: A Comparative Perspective of Eastern Africa. Pretoria: Africa Institute of South Africa; Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

(2006) “African International Relations.” In April A. Gordon and Donald L. Gordon, eds. Understanding Contemporary Africa (4th ed.) (Boulder: Lynne Rienner). pp. 160-203.

(2006) “Belgium, France, and the United States in the Great Lakes Region.” In Gilbert Khadiagala, ed. Security Dynamics in Africa’s Great Lakes Region (Boulder: Lynne Rienner). pp. 163-86.

(2006) “From Irredentism to Secession: The Decline of Somali Nationalism.” In Lowell W. Barrington, ed. After Independence: Making and Protecting the Nation in Postcolonial & Postcommunist States (Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press). pp. 107-37.

(2006) "United States and Africa: 'Uncle Sam' or 'Uncle Scrooge'?" In Jurgen Ruland, Theodor Hanf and Eva Manske, eds. Benign Neglect? American Policies towards the Global South (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe). pp. 192-230.

(2006) “Bush Administration and Africa: A Resurgence of Geopolitics amidst a Global War on Terrorism.” In Colin Legum, ed. Africa Contemporary Record: Survey and Documents: 2000-2002 (vol. 28) (New York: Africana Publishing). pp. A90-A104.

(2004) "Clarifying the Foreign Aid Puzzle: A Comparison of American, Japanese, French, and Swedish Foreign Aid Flows.” In Peter Burnell and Oliver Morrissey, eds. Foreign Aid in the New Global Economy (London: Edward Elgar Publishing). Pp. 486-518 (coauthored with Steven W. Hook and Bruce Taylor).

(2004) "Clinton Administration and Africa: Assessing Rising Attention (and Expectations) during its Last Two Years in Office.” In Colin Legum, ed. Africa Contemporary Record: Survey and Documents, 1998-2000 (vol. 27) (New York: Africana Publishing). pp. A88-A102.

(2002) "Continuity and Change in U.S. Foreign Policy toward Southern Africa: Assessing the Clinton Administration." In Korwa G. Adar and Rok Ajulu, eds. Globalization and Emerging Trends in African States’ Foreign Policy-Making Process: A Comparative Perspective of Southern Africa (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2002). pp. 329-49.

(2002) "The Clinton Administration and Africa: A Turning Point in U.S.-Africa Policies?" In Colin Legum, ed. Africa Contemporary Record: Survey and Documents, 1996-98 (vol. 26) (New York: Africana Publishing). pp. A118-A126.

(2002) “The Novels of Nuruddin Farah: The Socio-Political Evolution of a Somali Writer.” In Derek Wright, ed. Emerging Perspectives on Nuruddin Farah (Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press). pp. 197-214.

(2002) “Promoting an International Community of Democracies.” In: Peter J. Schraeder, ed. Exporting Democracy: Rhetoric vs. Reality (Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers). pp. 1-4.

(2002) “Making the World Safe for Democracy?” In: Peter J. Schraeder, ed. Exporting Democracy: Rhetoric vs. Reality (Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers). pp. 217-36.

(2001) "South Africa: From the Shadows." In Steven W. Hook, ed. Comparative Foreign Policy: Adaptation Strategies of the Great and Emerging Powers (Upper Saddle: Prentice Hall, 2001). pp. 245-67.

(2001) "African International Relations." In April A. Gordon and Donald L. Gordon, eds. Understanding Contemporary Africa (3rd ed.) (Boulder: Lynne Rienner). pp. 143-88.

(2001) "The Clinton Administration and Africa: The Beginnings of New Directions." In Colin Legum, ed. Africa Contemporary Record: Survey and Documents, 1994-96 (vol. 25) (New York: Africana Publishing). pp. A90-A98.

(2001) "New Directions in Francophone West African Foreign Policies." In Gilbert M. Khadiagala and Terrence Lyons, eds. African Foreign Policies: Power & Process (Boulder: Lynne Rienner). pp. 41-66.

(2000) "Toujours un 'modèle' mais toujours négligé? La politique américaine à l'égard du Botswana dans le contexte de l'Afrique Australe." In Daniel Compagnon and Brian Mokopakgosi, eds. Le Botswana contemporain (Paris: Karthala). pp. 165-86.

(2000) "Continuity and Change in U.S. Foreign Policy toward Africa: Comparing the Bush and Clinton Administrations." In Colin Legum, ed. Africa Contemporary Record: Survey and Documents 1992-94 (vol. 24) (New York: Africana Publishing Company). pp. A80-A97.

(2000) "Japan's Pursuit of Superpower Status in Africa." In Colin Legum, ed. Africa Contemporary Record: Annual Survey and Documents 1992-94 (vol. 24) (New York: Africana Publishing Company). pp. 143-49.

(1998) "Senegal's Foreign Policy: Responding to Internal and International Pressures for Change." In Stephen Wright, ed. African Foreign Policies (Boulder: Westview Press). pp. 133-53.

(1998) "From Ally to Orphan: Understanding U.S. Foreign Policy toward Somalia after the Cold War." In James M. Scott, ed. After the End: Making U.S. Policy in the Post-Cold War World (Durham: Duke University Press). pp. 330-57.

(1998) "Les Elites Africaines et le développement des institutions démocratiques." In Charles Becker et al., eds. AOF: Réalités et héritages, 1895-1960 (Dakar: Archives). pp. 430-50.

(1998) "The United States and Africa: Increased Marginalization in an Evolving 'New World Order'." In Colin Legum, ed. Africa Contemporary Record: Survey and Documents 1990-92 (vol. 23) (New York: Africana Publishing Company). pp. 138-49.

(1997) "Origins and Unfolding of the Civil War in Djibouti." In Hussein M. Adam and Richard Ford, eds. Mending Rips in the Sky: Options for Somali Communities in the 21st Century (Lawrenceville: Red Sea Press). pp. 515-32.

(1996) "Foreign-Aid Posturing in Francophone Africa." In Steven W. Hook, ed. Foreign Aid toward the Millennium (Boulder: Lynne Rienner). pp. 173-90.

(1996) "Removing the Shackles? U.S. Foreign Policy toward Africa after the End of the Cold War." In Donald Rothchild and Edmond J. Keller, eds. Africa in the New International Order: Rethinking State Sovereignty and Regional Security (Boulder: Lynne Rienner). pp. 187-205.

(1996) "Madagascar." In Helen Metz, ed. Indian Ocean: Five Island Countries (Washington, DC: Library of Congress). pp. 1-88.

(1996) “African International Relations." In April A. Gordon and Donald L. Gordon, eds. Understanding Contemporary Africa (2nd ed.) (Boulder: Lynne Rienner). pp. 129-66.

(1994) "Politische Eliten im Demokratisierungsprozeb Lektionen aus Afrika." In Jochen Hippler, ed. Demokratisierung der Machtlosigkeit (Hamburg, Konkret Literatur).

(1994) "Bureaucratic Incrementalism, Crisis and Change in U.S. Foreign Policy toward Africa." In Jerel A. Rosati et al., eds. Foreign Policy Restructuring: How Governments Respond to Change (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press). pp. 111-37.

(1992) “Studying U.S. Intervention in the Third World.” In: Peter J. Schraeder, ed. Intervention into the 1990s: U.S. Foreign Policy in the Third World (Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers). pp. 1-22.

(1992) “Paramilitary Intervention.” In: Peter J. Schraeder, ed., Intervention into the 1990s: U.s. Foreign Policy in the Third World (Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers). pp. 131-52.

(1992) “South Africa.” In: Peter J. Schraeder, ed., Intervention into the 1990s: U.S. Foreign Policy in the Third World (Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers). pp. 247-68 (with R. Hunt Davis, Jr.).

(1992) “U.S. Intervention in Perspective.” In: Peter J. Schraeder, ed., Intervention into the 1990s: U.S. Foreign Policy in the Third World (Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers). pp. 385-406.

(1992) "The Evolution of Political Science Research on the Horn of Africa." In Mark W. DeLancey, ed. Handbook of Political Science Research on Sub-Saharan Africa: Trends from the 1960s to the 1990s (Westport: Greenwood Press). pp. 189-218.

(1989) “Concepts, Relevance, Themes, and Overview.” In: Peter J. Schraeder, ed. Intervention into the 1990s: U.s. Foreign Policy in the Third World (Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers). pp. 1-16.

(1989) “Paramilitary Intervention.” In: Peter J. Schraeder, ed. Intervention into the 1990s: U.S. Foreign Policy in the Third World (Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers). pp. 115-30.

(1989) “U.S. Intervention in Perspective.” In: Peter J. Schraeder, ed. Intervention into the 1990s: U.S.Foreign Policy in the Third World (Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers). pp. 283-98.

(1989) "The Faulty Assumptions of U.S. Foreign Policy in the Third World." In Ted Galen Carpenter, ed. Collective Defense or Strategic Independence? (Lexington: Heath). pp. 151-74.

Select Other Publications

(2007) Book review. Peter Woodward. U.S. Foreign Policy and the Horn of Africa. In: The Journal of Modern African Studies 45, 2: 330-31.

(2006) “U.S. Foreign Policy toward Somaliland within the Context of the Bush Administration’s War on Terrorism.” Article for the on-line Somaliland Times (Issue no. 254). Access at http:///www.somalilandtimes.net/sl/2006/254/25.shtml

(2006) “Why the United States Should Consider Recognizing Somaliland’s Independence.” Op-ed article for the on-line Africa Policy Forum for the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS). Access at http://forums.csis.org/africa/ Reprinted on numerous on-line sites, including Haatuf, Jamhuurriya, Geeska Afrika.

(2004) Book review. Douglas H. Johnson. The Root Causes of Sudan's Civil Wars. In: Political Science Quarterly 119, 2: 363-65.

(2004) Book review. John F. Clark, ed. The African Stakes of the Congo War. In: Democracy and Development: Journal of West African Affairs 4, 2: 115-19.

(2004) Book review. Julius O. Ihonvbere. Africa and the New World Order. In: The International Journal of African Historical Studies 37, 1: 155-56.

(2001) "Ben Laden, L'Afrique et les Etats-Unis: La Politique Africaine des Etats-Unis après le 11 Septembre 2001: Débat avec Roland Marchal, Peter Schraeder, Justin Vaïsse et Olivier Vallée."Politique Africaine No. 83 (Octobre): 116-29 (published transcript of a debate on the impacts of 9/11 on U.S. foreign policy toward Africa).

(2001) Book review. Karl P. Magyar, ed. United States Interests and Policies in Africa: Transition to a New Era. In: The Journal of Modern African Studies 39, 4 (December): 728-29.

(2001) Book review. Tukumbi Lumumba-Kasongo. The Dynamics of Economic and Political Relations between Africa and Foreign Powers. In: The American Political Science Review 95, 3 (September): 766-67.

(2000) "Africa: Prospects for the Future." Great Decisions 2000. New York: Foreign Policy Association. pp. 75-86.

(1997) "Qui Décide à Washington?" L'Autre Afrique no. 7 (July 2-8): 42-45.

(1997) "Foreign Aid Competition and the Derailment of Democracy in Francophone Africa." Program of African Studies Newsletter. Northwestern University.

(1995) Book review. Charles W. Koburger, Jr. Naval Strategy East of Suez : The Role of Djibouti. In: Northeast African Studies 2, 2: 207-09.

(1995) "Elites as Facilitators or Impediments to the Democratization Process? Some Lessons from Africa." In Liisa Laakso, ed. Development and its Discontents : Proceedings of the Second Finnish Africa Days, Hyytiala, Finland, May 23-25, 1994. Institute of Development Studies, University of Helsinki. pp. 65-70.

(1995) “’Plus ça change, plus c’est la même chose!’ African Ruling Elites and the Challenges of Democratization.” Democraties Africaines. May. pp. 8-15.

(1993) Book review. Jeffrey A. LeFebvre. Arms for the Horn : U.S. Security Policy in Ethiopia and Somalia 1953-1991. In : The Middle East Journal 47, 1: 124-26.

(1992) Testimony and document before the Subcommittee on African Affairs, Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate. “Djibouti: From ‘Eye of the Hurricane’ to ‘Boiling Cauldron’.” In “The Horn of Africa: Changing Realities and U.S. Response.” Hearing before the Subcommittee on African Affairs of the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate, 102nd Congress, Second Session, March 19, 1992. Pp. 21-37.

(1992) U. Joy Ogwu and R. Omotayo Olaniyadan, eds. Nigeria’s International Economic Relations: Dimernsions of Dependence and Change. In: African Book Publishing Record 18, 2: 114.

(1991) Africa Research Center. The Sanctions Weapon: A Summary of the Debate Over Sanctions Against South Africa. In: African Book Publishing Record 18, 2: 114.

(1990) Book review. Olav Stokke, ed. Western Middle Powers and Global Poverty: The Determinants of the Aid Policies of Canada, Denmark, the Netherlands, Norway and Sweden. In: African Studies Review 33, 1: 159-61.

(1988) Book review. Dov Ronen, ed. Democracy and Pluralism in Africa. In: African Studies Review 31, 1: 174-76.

(1987) N. O. E. el Mahmud-Okereke. Israel and Black Africa: Time to Normalise. In: The African Book Publishing Record 13, 1: 17.

(1985) Adedeyo Adedeji. After Lagos What?. In: The African Book Publishing Record 11, 1: 17.

(1985) African Center for Applied Research and Training in Social Development. Social Implications of the Lagos Plan of Action for the Economic Development of Africa: 1980-2000. In: The African Book Publishing Record 11, 1: 17.

(1984) International Labour Office, Job and Skills Program for Africa. Pour une Politique d’Emploi au Sénégal: Esquisse d’une Stratégie Concertée et Intégrée. In: The African Book Publishing Record 10, 14: 15.

2003-present)